As it unscrambles the programmes which are sent down the cable and there is no feedback loop (With Sky you have to insert a card and the box regularly 'calls home' to sky via the telephone which you have plugged in) then it's fairly safe to say that the cable provider is none the wiser but you pays yer money and yer takes yer chance ...
There is no talkback on the Dbox2. This means it receives data only, but does not transmit. Therefore, it can be said that the cable company is unaware one is using such a device. However, I have read that the cable company is able, if they so wish, to test the strength of signal being used by your feed. Of course if it is shown that your line has a heavy drain (more so than would reasonably coincide with what you pay for), they might put two and two together. I read this on another forum - could anybody else confirm or deny this theory?